#: locale=en ## Action ### URL LinkBehaviour_BB4CE89E_990C_DB96_4167_487649FE16C2.source = https://health-sciences.nwu.ac.za/ohhri WebFrame_67300686_78DF_DBE5_41DC_E377684DD4B8.url = //www.youtube.com/embed/9V933u_m-mI WebFrame_F9E2782D_EEF4_D1BF_41A3_3C59F5C06442.url = //www.youtube.com/embed/YbNMaVx0-7s WebFrame_EFECB8EE_F32D_D5F7_41DD_8DECD9D03F9D.url = //www.youtube.com/embed/_4a_dpbavs4 WebFrame_67205216_78DF_BAE4_41C5_38CD5A7EAE65.url = //www.youtube.com/embed/kjZMY0sokFU WebFrame_671F431E_78DF_BAE5_41B8_FB81877BCC09.url = //www.youtube.com/embed/xoRwegEvSBA ## Media ### Audio audiores_111F3400_0A13_61EE_418C_52DC91660DC0.mp3Url = media/audio_18EDAE68_09F3_DE3F_4196_4DD244D63174_en.mp3 audiores_EB36538A_F1AC_577A_41E4_07F534DEC3DA.mp3Url = media/audio_F8159A96_EA6C_EAD3_41E5_250D04A12080_en.mp3 audiores_EB6918C8_F1D3_B2E5_41E3_434D2E5B6466.mp3Url = media/audio_F85AAAB6_EA64_EAD3_41E9_63666AAE3195_en.mp3 audiores_F86BCE5D_EA65_AA51_41E3_5A243CDA4B34.mp3Url = 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Virtual Tours by CFD Productions
cfd-productions.co.za
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Although in the domain of Environmental Sciences, monitoring of environmental noise levels, electromagnetic fields (EMF) and environmental pollutants are of interest to occupational hygiene as it is likely to affect workplace itself.


Environmental noise is unwanted noise created by human activities such as noise emitted by transport (rail, traffic, etc.), industrial activity and leisure activities (loud music, etc.) and can cause annoyance but it may also increase the risk for hypertension, sleep disturbances, hearing impairment, tinnitus, and cognitive impairment among others (WHO, 2011).


Electromagnetic fields (EMF) of all frequencies represent one of the most common and fastest growing environmental influences, about which anxiety and speculation are spreading. All populations are now exposed to varying degrees of EMF, and the levels will continue to increase as technology advances.


Electromagnetic radiation has been around since the birth of the universe; light is its most familiar form. Electric and magnetic fields are part of the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation which extends from static electric and magnetic fields, through radiofrequency and infrared radiation, to X-rays.


Environmental pollutants with the strongest evidence for public health concern include particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulphur dioxide (SO2). Health problems can occur as a result of both short- and long-term exposure to these various pollutants.



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Although solar ultraviolet radiation exposure is required for the production of Vitamin D amongst other benefits, over-exposure may result in skin cancer and eye diseases when protective measures such as application of sunblock on exposed areas, wearing of wide brimmed hats, clothing with long sleeves & pants and sunglasses are not adopted.


Thus far, studies on the occupational exposure of outdoor workers to solar ultraviolet radiation have focussed on car guards, farmworkers, mineworkers, and security/protection workers.


These are done in collaboration with the South African Medical Research Council & German Social Accident Insurance.



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As part of our research focus in the Occupational Hygiene and Health Research Initiative (OHHRI) we use human skin to perform experiments to determine the permeation (absorption) of metals through skin.


These experiments are in vitro, meaning in glass, and uses human abdominal skin to simulate the workplace environment and what workers would be exposed to.


The skin is obtained with ethical approval and informed consent from doctors after performing a ‘tummy tuck’ procedure. The skin is prepared and placed between the 2 compartments of the Franz diffusion cell.


The tested contaminant is placed on top of the skin in synthetic sweat, and a physiological solution is placed underneath the skin and stirred continuously.


This experiment is used to determine if a metal can permeate through the unbroken skin and thereby be absorbed into the body.


The results from these studies can be used by employers in the industry to protect their workers from skin contact and potential permeation through the skin.
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Crystalline silica is found in sand and stone, and is a major health hazard in industries such as mining, brick manufacturing and foundries. In these industries workers may be exposed to respirable sized particles (smaller than 10 µm) which can penetrate to the air exchange region of the lungs (alveoli) and cause damage.


Excessive exposure to respirable crystalline silica increases the risk of developing silica-related diseases such as silicosis, lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Measurement of workers’ exposure to respirable crystalline silica forms an important part of any exposure management program because it enables the employer to identify high exposure activities, and to effectively implement measures to reduce exposure. The methodology showed here is used to measure workers’ exposure to respirable dust and respirable crystalline silica.


The image shows two methods for measuring exposure to respirable dust in the breathing zone of the worker. This means that the air that is measured contains particles that the worker could potentially inhale.


On the worker’s right hip is a sampling pump that draws air through a cyclone, which separates bigger particles from respirable sized particles. Respirable sized particles are then deposited on a filter for further analysis. This method is widely used by occupational hygiene professionals to determine exposure to respirable dust.


On the workers’ left hip is a Nanozen DustCount 9000, which is an optical particle counter used to measure respirable sized particles in the worker’s breathing zone in real-time. This enables the identification of high exposure activities where measures can be introduced to reduce exposure. By using these two techniques together a complete picture of the worker’s exposure to respirable dust can be obtained.
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Dirty industrial factories and underground mines are not the only places where workers can potentially be exposed to hazardous chemical substances in the air.


Sometimes, exposure may take place where you least expect it, for example, the office you work in or even at your own home. We spend most of our time at either the office or at home.


Therefore, the quality of the air that we breathe in these environments is just as important as the quality of the air in an underground mine. It has become more and more important to test the indoor air quality of buildings.


To do this one can use an indoor air quality monitor which can measure the concentration of various substances, but most often, Carbon Dioxide (CO2) – the gas we exhale; Carbon Monoxide (CO) – released from incomplete combustion; and Oxygen (O2) – the gas we need to breathe in order to stay alive.


Other variables that are also measured include relative humidity, temperature and air flow.
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Ergonomics is defined as the interdisciplinary science concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data, and methods to design in order to optimize human wellbeing and overall system performance.


The TEA CAPTIV system allows for the capture and integration of data such as a subject's movements and other physiological parameters such as heart rate, respiration, muscle contraction, temperature, and many more.


This data allows for the analysis of behavioural and workplace ergonomics. Identifying poor biomechanics and musculoskeletal disorder risks are vital for injury prevention, health optimisation, and improved workplace performance.
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Following the measurement of respirable dust, the silica content of the sample can be determined using the portable PerkinElmer Spectrum Two Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR).


This technique is used in combination with the Field Analysis of Silica Tool (FAST) software which was developed by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).


Although a certain percentage of samples still need to be analysed by an accredited laboratory, this technique, known as the at-site direct-on-filter crystalline silica quantification, allows a company to determine the silica content of samples at their own facility on the same day as sampling.


This speeds up the generation of exposure data and the subsequent implementation of control measures to reduce exposure.
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Indoor air quality (IAQ) refers to the quality of air in and around buildings, especially with reference to the risk that it poses to the health and comfort of building occupants.


With the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the significance of adequate IAQ and ventilation to protect occupants against infection have become even more important with national and international agencies advocating for its importance.


Carbon dioxide (CO2) is exhaled by occupants and the build-up of CO2 is seen as an indicator that air is not effectively being removed and replaced by fresh air.


Outdoor air has a relatively stable CO2 concentration of around 400 parts per million (ppm) and it has been reported that a CO2 concentration at 800 ppm (400 ppm above ambient concentrations) and higher are indicative of inadequate ventilation indoors.


CO2 concentrations can be monitored with relatively low-cost direct-reading instruments.
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Lead is a very toxic metal and exposure may lead to toxicity of the nervous system, blood, kidneys and cardiovascular system.


Contaminated surfaces are a major source of exposure to lead in the workplace and it is sometimes necessary to determine if a surface is contaminated with lead using colorimetric wipe sampling.


During this procedure, surfaces are wiped with a cotton wipe which is then sprayed with a chemical solution. The chemical reacts with the lead and forms a bright pink compound.


The colour change means that the surface is contaminated with lead and that action should be taken.
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Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aenean commodo ligula eget dolor. Aenean massa. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Donec quam felis, ultricies nec, pellentesque eu, pretium quis, sem.


Nulla consequat massa quis enim. Donec pede justo, fringilla vel, aliquet nec, vulputate eget, arcu. In enim justo, rhoncus ut, imperdiet a, venenatis vitae, justo. Nullam dictum felis eu pede mollis pretium. Integer tincidunt. Cras dapibus.


Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Donec quam felis, ultricies nec, pellentesque eu, pretium quis, sem.


Nulla consequat massa quis enim. Donec pede justo, fringilla vel, aliquet nec, vulputate eget, arcu. Cras dapibus. Vivamus elementum semper nisi. Aenean vulputate eleifend tellus.


Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aenean commodo ligula eget dolor. Aenean massa.
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Noise is an unpleasant, unwelcome or physiologically damaging sound and Noise-Induced Hearing Loss is one of the most prominent health risks in the workplace.


Being exposed to ≥ 85 decibels (dB) for a period of 8 hours every day will probably lead to the loss of a worker’s hearing. In order to assess workplace exposure to noise, a sound level meter can be used to measure noise levels.


The noise levels produced by different noise sources varies: Eg. a normal conversation = 60 dB; a busy road = 80 dBA; power tools = > 90dBA and rock concerts = > 100 dBA.
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One of the primary outcomes of any research is the publication of research findings as articles in international or national journals.


On display is the most recent articles published by researchers of OHHRI.
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Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) refers to equipment that protects the user against various health and safety risks found in the workplace.


Commonly used PPE includes items such as hardhats, safety boots, safety harnesses, respiratory protective equipment, gloves, eye protection, hearing protection (ear-plugs/ muffs), and high-visibility clothing (reflective vests).


PPE is essential since the total removal or isolation of a hazard is rarely attainable. PPE is generally seen as a last resort of protection and recommended after all other controls in the hierarchy of controls have been considered.


PPE must be appropriately selected for a specific job, and users must be trained on its proper usage, maintenance, and storage.


The PPE storeroom contains various PPE for different working environments in which an occupational hygienist may find themself; it also offers a clean and dry storage facility for new and reusable equipment.



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Philippus Theophrastus Aureolus Bombastus von Hohenheim (Paracelsus) was born in Einsiedeln in Switzerland on 10 or 14 November 1493.


While studying he assumed the name Paracelsus (para: beside, beyond and Celsus: a famous Roman physician). He is considered to be the founder of modern toxicology, and introduced chemistry to medicine by using inorganic salts, metals and minerals as treatment but stressing the importance of dose.


Paracelsus used the quote:
“What is there that is not a poison? All things are poison and nothing (is) without poison. Solely the dose determines that a thing is not a poison.” to defend his use of inorganic salts in medicine, because critics claimed they were too toxic to be used therapeutically.


He also believed that diseases locate in a specific organ, now known as target organ toxicity.
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South Africa is a country of temperature extremes. Temperatures below -10°C or above 40°C are not unheard of and can occur naturally depending on the time of the year.


Extreme temperatures also occur in the work environment. Consider, a walk-in storage facility for frozen goods or a furnace where steel is melted. In both these examples, workers are exposed to extreme temperatures which may result in death if not carefully monitored and controlled.


The instrument you see here can measure three variables that are very important when it comes to thermal comfort: dry-bulb-, wet-bulb-, and globe temperatures. The dry-bulb sensor measures the air temperature.


The wet-bulb measures the air temperature while also taking into account the effect of water evaporation. Considering that the evaporation of sweat from the skin is the most important way in which the human body can cool down, the wet-bulb temperature is very important.


Lastly, the globe thermometer considers the impact of sources that radiate heat such as the red-hot glow of molten metal.
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The International Occupational Hygiene Association (IOHA), was established in 1987 with the aim to improve, promote and develop occupational hygiene worldwide through its member organisations, and to improve and maintain a safe and healthy working environment for all.


In South Africa, the Southern African Institute for Occupational Hygiene (SAIOH) is the professional body responsible for the accreditation of occupational hygiene practitioners, and is a member organisation of IOHA.


Its vision statement is: ‘Ensuring healthy work environments in Africa through excellence in occupational hygiene’.



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The Occupational Hygiene and Health Research Initiative (OHHRI) was established as a research Niche Area within the Faculty of Health Sciences of the NWU in 2015 and upgraded to a research Focus Area in 2020.


The focus of OHHRI concerns the anticipation, recognition, evaluation, and the control (management) of chemical and physical stressors (factors) posing a risk to the health of workers in South African workplaces primarily.


Although the focus is research in the field of occupational hygiene, the ultimate outcome thereof promotes worker health by preventing the development of occupational disease through promotion of workplaces that are not detrimental to the health of workers.
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The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimated that globally in 2016, a total of 1.88 million deaths were attributed to 41 pairs of occupational risk factor and health outcomes.


Diseases accounted for 80.7% (1.52 million) of the deaths, while injuries accounted for 19.3% of the deaths.


The occupational risk factors with the largest number of attributable deaths were exposure to long working hours (>55 hours/week) (744 924 deaths) and exposure to particulate matter, gases, and fumes (450 381 deaths).


Other notable risk factors are metals (arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, and nickel), asbestos, diesel engine exhaust, noise, polyaromatic hydrocarbons and silica.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was the most prominent health outcome.


Furthermore, there is a disproportionately high burden of disease in the WHO African Region, South-East Asia Region and the Western Pacific Region, males and older age groups.



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The postgraduate room offers workspace for seven postgraduate students. It is equipped with desktop computers, a copier, scanner and printer.


The room is intended to create a peer learning environment where students not only work on their studies, but also where they interact with each other.
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This multifunctional room is primarily used to present classes, research project proposals and to hold meetings.


It is equipped with audio-visual equipment enabling virtual meetings.
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Three of the four elements of a local ventilation (LEV) system, namely the ducting (that conducts air and the airborne contaminants from the hood to the discharge point), the air mover or fan and motor (that powers the system), and the discharge or exhaust (that releases the extracted air to the outside of the workplace) is shown here.
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Vibration is a description of motion; it is a mechanical movement that oscillates around a fixed point.


It is a mechanical wave and therefore transfers energy and not matter, requires a medium (mechanical structure) through which to travel and propagation is lost once coupling with the medium is lost.


Whole-body vibration affects the entire body and is transmitted through seat surfaces, backrests and the floor. The Svantek whole-body vibration exposure meter can be used to measure whole-body vibration from sitting (e.g. vehicle seat) of standing (e.g. platforms) on sources of vibration.
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