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Virtual Tours by CFD Productions
cfd-productions.co.za
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Anthropometric measures are external measurements of morphologic traits. The anthropometric measures consisted of measuring height and weight as well as hip and waist circumferences.


The measures were taken by trained researchers as quality is essential for clinical and epidemiological research.


These anthropometric measures will allow researchers to assess health and dietary status as well as future disease risk in the studied population.


These measures were also used for other stations including, lung function and pulse wave velocity.
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Blood pressure is the force that the blood in the blood vessels, exert on the vessel walls. Many people are not aware of their own blood pressure status.


High blood pressure is one of the leading causes of cardiovascular disease and death worldwide. Although blood pressure generally increases with age, several factors – including genetic and certain lifestyle factors – may contribute to high blood pressure.


In this study, we measured resting blood pressure on the upper arm using an automatic blood pressure monitor.
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HIV itself and the use of anti-retroviral treatment is known to increase a person’s risk of developing heart diseases.


In the PURE study, we work alongside the Department of Health to perform HIV testing and counselling. The testing is completely voluntarily.
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Ideally a person’s arteries (large blood vessels) should be elastic to accommodate the blood ejected from the heart without an excessive rise in blood pressure.


The stiffer these arteries, the higher the speed at which the blood and pulse wave travels through them, increasing a person’s risk for developing high blood pressure.


By measuring the time that it takes the pulse wave to travel between two sites in the arterial tree – in this case at the carotid artery in the neck and the femoral artery in the upper leg, the pulse wave velocity can be calculated.
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Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aenean commodo ligula eget dolor. Aenean massa. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Donec quam felis, ultricies nec, pellentesque eu, pretium quis, sem.


Nulla consequat massa quis enim. Donec pede justo, fringilla vel, aliquet nec, vulputate eget, arcu. In enim justo, rhoncus ut, imperdiet a, venenatis vitae, justo. Nullam dictum felis eu pede mollis pretium. Integer tincidunt. Cras dapibus.


Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Donec quam felis, ultricies nec, pellentesque eu, pretium quis, sem.


Nulla consequat massa quis enim. Donec pede justo, fringilla vel, aliquet nec, vulputate eget, arcu. Cras dapibus. Vivamus elementum semper nisi. Aenean vulputate eleifend tellus.


Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aenean commodo ligula eget dolor. Aenean massa.
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The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) is a 7-item questionnaire for use with young and middle-aged adults (15-69 years) to assess the types of intensity of physical activity and sitting time over the last 7 days.


The questionnaire was administered with the help of a seTswana research assistant to ensure participants understood each question thoroughly before responding.


This was especially important in our population as many participants were illiterate.


Data from this questionnaire will allow researchers to have a more precise idea of participants daily physical activities and sitting time which is essential for promoting healthy behaviours and public health.
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The PURE questionnaire is used to collect detailed information from each participant.


Some of the questions are about the individual themself: medical history as well as health behavior such as smoking, use of alcohol, exercise and type of foods and drinks consumed.


Here we also collect information regarding any other environmental exposures, such as indoor air pollution and secondhand smoking amongst other things.


All of these factors are known to have a negative impact on a person's health status.
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The PURE questionnaire is used to collect detailed information from each participant.


Some of the questions are about the individual themself: medical history as well as health behavior such as smoking, use of alcohol, exercise and type of foods and drinks consumed.


Here we also collect information regarding any other environmental exposures, such as indoor air pollution and secondhand smoking amongst other things.


All of these factors are known to have a negative impact on a person's health status.
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The heart is divided into 4 chambers. The two chambers at the top part of the heart are known as the atria and the bottom chambers are known as the ventricles.


When the heart beats (once every second), the top and bottom chambers beat in perfect synchronisation. When the atria contract, it pushes the blood to the ventricles.


The ventricles then contract and push the blood to the lungs and the rest of the body.


However, sometimes it happens that a fault in the electrical signal of the heart causes the atria to start to beat irregularly and very fast. The atria then beat out of sync with the ventricles.


This is known as atrial fibrillation or a-fib. In PURE, we use a non-invasive screening device that can screen for a-fib in people.


A-fib is treatable, but if left untreated it can lead to serious heart complications.
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The lung function test is a non-invasive measure that allows to assess basic pulmonary function. Lung function is measured using a spirometer and participants are asked to inhale deeply before positioning the spirette in their mouth and exhaling as fast and as long as possible.


These measures will give information about lung volume, lung capacity, flow rates and gas exchanges. The spirometer also gives guidelines for diagnosis allowing researchers to refer participants with potential lung anomalies.


Blood glucose was measured at random times as participants arrived at different times at the blood glucose station.


This measure, though not as reliable as a fasting measure, allowed researchers to identify participants who were potentially pre-diabetic or diabetic and refer them for a medical diagnosis.



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The physical assessments consisted of measuring functional performances including handgrip strength, a tandem balance test, the get-up-and-go walk test, the 6m-walk test as well as a flexibility test.


All measurements were taken for the dominant and non-dominant side, when applicable, measures were repeated three times to ensure reliability and reproducibility of the data.


Participants were instructed carefully by a seTswana speaking research assistant allowing for full understanding and data quality.


These measures allow researchers to obtain a global perspective of participants physical functioning for everyday life activities and well-being.
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To measure participants’ mental health, they completed questionnaires on depression, anxiety, dementia, and psychosocial well-being in interview-format.


Each participant was then handed a pamphlet with basic information on mental health and where to find help if needed.


When indicated, participants were referred to local health service providers for further mental health screening and support.
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To measure participants’ mental health, they completed questionnaires on depression, anxiety, dementia, and psychosocial well-being in interview-format.


Each participant was then handed a pamphlet with basic information on mental health and where to find help if needed.


When indicated, participants were referred to local health service providers for further mental health screening and support.
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